This work was concerned with cultural and economic changes of Thiw Son village in Pattani province from 1950 to 1999. It was found that the villagers were Nayu or Malay Muslims. Originally, the villagers depended on the subsistence economic system by cultivating rice and involvement in fishery. Later on, modern fishing equipment was used, changing their lifestyle and economy. Fishery became more commercial and paddy cultivation was no longer practiced. Those with big catches were getting wealthier because they could afford modern fishing tools. Poorer residents stopped commercial fishing as they could not afford to buy modern equipment. Some became migrant workers due to diminished fish stocks and difficult fishing livelihood.