The author explains the background and relationships between the Hmong and other highland ethnic groups with the Thai state, socio-economic conditions, the political status of the Hmong in Thailand, their struggles to have the rights of citizenship and land tenure. The rights of citizenship and land tenure would guarantee freedom and security in their lives. The author concludes that as long as the Thai government does not solve the problems of citizenship and land tenure of the Hmong and other minority ethnic groups, there will always be a lack of commitment and dissatisfaction among these groups. Thus, it is difficult for the Hmong to integrate into the mainstream society as Thai citizens. It is not because Hmongs do not want to assimilate, but because current socio-economic and political situations do not enable the ethnic group to lead a free and secure life. The government should allow the Hmong and other ethnic groups a full and equal participation in defining development strategies that affect them. Full participation will motivate them to cooperate in state projects (p.7).