This research compared the Kui and Yo ethnic groups regarding community histories and factors and impacts of socio-cultural, political and economic changes. It was revealed that the general aspects and histories of the two ethnic communities were different. Demographic structures of the two communities indicated that the ratio of demographic burden of the Kui was less than that of the Yo. The location of the Kui settlement was less agriculturally fertile than that of the Yo, but their settlement was clustered in a similar manner. Both were agricultural communities and their lifestyles had become more economically oriented. Political leaders of both communities were increasingly becoming state representatives, bringing about more conflicts between leaders and villagers in the Kui community. Nevertheless, such conflicts did not exist in the Yo community. In terms of family structures, both had an extended family structure, though the Kui being matrimonial while the Yo were patrimonial. The role of parents being child raisers was less imperative due to economic conditions. The marriage ceremonies were exclusive for each community, while kinship of both communities was closely knitted. As for education, the role of teachers was less important to the communities, because they were outsiders and the return rates of ethnic graduates were very low. Healthcare was more western-oriented and family planning and birth control were rigorously implemented. The Kui still paid homage to their ancestors’ spirits, whereas the Yo no longer did. The modes of their entertainment included listening to the radio, watching television, watching paid movies in itinerant theaters, and participating in merit-making festivals elsewhere. Furthermore, both ethnic groups liked to gamble and drink whiskey. Important external factors for the changes included infrastructure development, cultural diffusion, dominant state power, and mass media. Other contributing internal factors were ecological factors, ethnicity, personality, beliefs, and traditions (pp. 2-4).