Concerning the relationship between the personal characteristics of Muslim Thais in Patani and their religious adherence and political alienation, it is found that their religious adherence is significantly related to their political alienation. In fact, the alienation is not as distinct as that of ordinary Thais. Males, those of older age and higher incomes and married people are found to be more religious. Other factors contributing to the alienation are occupation, education and marital status. Students are the most alienated while state officials are the least alienated. To solve political conflicts and alienation, the government must accept the concept of a multi-cultural society and historical identity for the local Muslims who used to have their own political autonomy. History indicates that the assimilation policy has failed, creating more conflicts and alienation between some Muslims and state officials.