This article is about the agricultural production, culture, beliefs, and socio-political structure of the hill people and valley people in northern Thailand. On the highlands of northern Thailand is there live various tribal communities with different identities. They are not divided into indigenous areas. The agriculturists’ houses in the north are built on pillars. They cultivate with a transplant system, grow vegetables, tobacco, peanuts, farm, and trade. They are matriclans, mostly believe in spirits and Buddhism. The uplanders mostly divided themselves by sub cultural groups. They make their houses of wood and bamboo. The roofs are covered with (bents)or thatch. Some build their houses like the lowlanders’. They cultivate with swiddening techniques. They grow rye, corn, opium, vegetables and tobacco. They also gather the forests products and farm. There is social organization diversity depending on the indigenous identity. Most of them worship spirits and some believe in Buddhism or in Christ.