The study focuses on the beliefs in spirits, souls, superstition, and cosmology of the Hmong Njua at Mae Tho Village by using a participatory observation method to collect the data about daily rituals and rituals of the life cycle. The rituals show social relationship management within the family, the sub-group and the community through details of ritual steps which vary from sub-group to sub-group. Instances include legends of various details of practices and shares of sacrificial meat among participants in a ritual (pp. 114-119, 122-125).