The author uses the symbolic interpretation concept of Mary Douglas’ to investigate menstruation in Hmong women. It is summarized that in Hmong culture it is not believed that menstruation is detrimental to men, but there are social regulations for women. Most regulations take note in the belief in the fertility of women, making sure that they are able to produce offspring. Consequently, menstruation is a symbol of fertility, not a polluting process. The author explains that menstruation is seen as a necessary ordeal for Hmong women. There are three reasons why having children is crucial for them and for the continued existence of their society. Firstly, having children ensures parents and family of their survival. Secondly, in a patriarchal society like the Hmong, children are valuable resources for mothers, elevating their status. Finally, children are necessary for the continued existence of their society (pp. 172-173).