The study investigated indigenous knowledge and transmission of the knowledge on the exploitation of soil, water and forest resources of the Kaloeng ethnic group at Kut Haet Village, Tambon Kut Bak, Kut Bak District, Sakon Nakhon Province.
    
          The ethnic language was formerly classified under the Austroasiatic Family, Mon-Khmer Branch. However, they speak the Tai-Lao language nowadays. Their original home was in Laos. Their migration into Thailand took place on two occasions. The first one was in the reign of King Rama III from 1824 to 1851 when the Thai army attacked Laos in the King Anuwong War. The second occasion was in the reign of King Rama V from 1883 to 1887 when the Thai army defeated the Chinese Haw in Laos. The ethnic group settled in the Phuphan Mountain Range in Sakon Nakhon Province. They have led a subsistence livelihood. They are Buddhists as well as animists, believing that spirits protected natural resources and punished violators.
          The indigenous knowledge of the ethnic group on the exploitation of natural resources include knowledge about gathering forest products, hunting, animal raising, using wood for home construction, rotation farming practices, paddy cultivation, weir construction, and catching aquatic life in community waterways.
    
          The methods of transmission of the indigenous knowledge have included rituals, actual practices, Buddhist teachings, sharing experiences, folklore, trial and error, customs and taboos, and folk teachers. The transmission of indigenous knowledge has brought about sustainable conservation of and co-existence with the natural resources in their communities.